Electromagnetic interaction is one of the four fundamental forces of nature, governing the behavior of charged particles through electric and magnetic fields. Mediated by photons, this force is responsible for atomic structure, chemical bonding, and the propagation of light. It operates over infinite distances, though its strength diminishes with the square of the distance, and it is significantly stronger than gravity at atomic and molecular scales.
The primary mechanism by which ordinary matter avoids gravitational collapse into black holes is the degeneracy pressure arising from the Pauli exclusion principle, which is fundamentally linked to electromagnetic interactions between electrons. In stars, thermal pressure generated by nuclear fusion counteracts gravity, but this process relies on electromagnetic forces to facilitate the necessary particle collisions and energy transfer. Without these repulsive electromagnetic forces, matter would not maintain its structural integrity against gravitational attraction.
Dark matter, by definition, does not participate in the electromagnetic interaction. It lacks electric charge and does not emit, absorb, or reflect light. Consequently, dark matter cannot dissipate energy through radiation or experience the repulsive forces that allow ordinary matter to form stable, extended structures like planets and stars. This inability to interact electromagnetically means dark matter cannot cool and collapse in the same manner as baryonic matter, preventing it from forming dense black hole structures through standard astrophysical processes.