Self Determination Theory
Self Determination Theory (SDT) is a framework in social and behavioral psychology that examines human motivation and psychological well-being. Developed primarily by Edward Deci and Richard Ryan beginning in the 1970s, the theory posits that individuals have three fundamental psychological needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. When these needs are satisfied, people experience greater intrinsic motivation, engagement, and overall psychological well-being.
Core Psychological Needs
Autonomy refers to the human need to feel in control of one’s own behavior and choices. Competence is the need to feel effective and capable in managing tasks and challenges. Relatedness describes the need to feel connected to others and to belong within social groups. SDT proposes that these three needs are universal across cultures and developmental stages, though the ways they are satisfied may vary contextually.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
A key distinction in SDT is between intrinsic motivation—engaging in activities for inherent satisfaction—and extrinsic motivation—engaging in activities for external rewards or to avoid punishment. The theory suggests that environments supporting autonomy, competence, and relatedness foster intrinsic motivation, while controlling or neglectful environments promote dependence on external incentives. This framework has implications for education, workplace management, parenting, and clinical psychology.