Sugar Alcohol
Sugar alcohols (polyols) are a class of sugar substitutes found in nature and used commercially as sweeteners. They are carbohydrates with a free aliphatic hydroxyl group functional group; they contain both aldehyde and alcohol functional groups. Common examples include Xylitol, Sorbitol, Mannitol, and Erythritol.
Properties & Metabolism
- Sweetness: Generally 40–100% as sweet as sucrose.
- Caloric Content: Lower than sucrose (1.6–2.5 kcal/g vs 4 kcal/g).
- Metabolism: Absorbed slowly and incompletely in the small intestine; not fermented by oral bacteria, reducing cavity risk.
- Gastrointestinal Effects: Poorly absorbed polyols draw water into the intestine via osmosis, potentially causing bloating, gas, and laxative effect in high doses.
Health Implications
- Dental Health: Bacteria in plaque cannot easily convert sugar alcohols into acid, making them cariostatic (non-cavity-causing) and often found in sugar-free gum and mints.
- Blood Sugar: Minimal impact on blood glucose and insulin levels compared to sucrose, making them suitable for Diabetes management in moderation.
Specific Compounds & Risks
- Xylitol:
- Found in plants and mushrooms; ~40% fewer calories than sugar.
- See detailed analysis: Xylitol: Human Health Benefits and Canine Toxicity
- Canine Toxicity: Highly toxic to Dog; causes rapid insulin release leading to hypoglycemia and potential liver failure.